Convention Simulator Mac OS

A Gentle Guide to Using PennSim

0. Conventions

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Throughout this document, commands that you have to type or buttonsyou have to click will appear like so.

1. Getting Java

PennSim is written in Java, which means Java must beinstalled on the computer you plan to use. Java should already beavailable on all public SEAS machines. If you plan to work on yourpersonal machine, you may need to install Java yourself. You can download Java here. PennSim requires Java 1.5 or newer (which is available forWindows, Linux, and Mac OS X).

2. Getting the Simulator

Next, you need to download the simulator. It is distributed in a .jarfile (short for Java ARchive). In Windows or on a Mac, youshould be able to double-click the .jar file to launch thesimulator. You can also launch the simulator from the command line ofyour operating system (such as Linux) by using the command java -jar (jarfile). You should see the simulatorscreen, much like the screenshot below. To run it from the Linux labs, typethe following command:

If you have any problems starting the simulator, please post yourproblems to the CSE240 discussion forum. This will ensure thefastest response.

We will not be distributing the source to the simulator, becausea later assignment will build parts of the simulator in C (which issimilar to Java in many ways).

3. Assembling and Loading Software

Now the simulator is running, but to get it to do anythinginteresting, we need to load some software. The first piece ofsoftware we should load is, naturally, an operating system. The LC-3operating system is very basic: it handles simple I/O operations andis responsible for starting other programs, such as the ones you'llwrite for this homework. Download the LC-3 OShere.

So that you can understand what the operating system does, wedistribute it as an assembly language file. But the machinedoesn't understand assembly directly; we first have to 'assemble' theassembly code into machine language (a .obj file containing binarydata). PennSim has a built-in assembler, accessible (as isthe case for most of its functionality) via the Command Line text box(see screenshot above). To assemble the operating system, type as lc3os.asm at PennSim's command line and hitenter. Make sure that the OS file is in the current directory; the as command also understandsrelative and absolute paths if the OS is in a different directory. Output from the assembly process is displayed in the CommandLine Output Pane. Afterassembling the OS, you should notice that 2 new files, lc3os.obj andlc3os.sym, have been created. The .obj file is the machine languageencoding of the assembly language file, and the .sym file is a textfile that holds symbol information so the simulator can display yoursymbols. Recall that symbols are really just a convenience for sillyhumans; the machine language encoding knows only about offsets.

Now we can load the lc3os.obj file into the simulator, either via thecommand load lc3os.obj or by going to theFile menu and selecting Open .obj file. Notice that the contents of thememory change when the OS is loaded.

Now assemble and load the solution file forProblem 0 into the simulator. The memory has changed again, but youmay not notice since the relevant memory addresses (starting at x3000)aren't visible unless you've scrolled the screen. User-level programs(i.e., non-OS code) start, by convention, at x3000. If you type thecommand list x3000 the memory view willjump to x3000 and you can see the 1-instruction solution to thisproblem.

4. Running Code

To actually run code, you can use the 4 control buttons at the top ofthe simulator, or type commands into the command line interface (thecommand names are the same as the buttons). Note that the PC registeris set to x0200, which is the entry point to the operating system byconvention. Recall that the solution code for Problem0 increments the value in R2 and puts the result in R5. Set thevalue in R2 to something you fancy, either by double-clicking it inthe Registers section, or via the command set R2(value). Now, actually run the code by hitting the continue button. The value magically getsincremented and moved to R5. Neat-o! Also observe that the PC nowpoints to x0263, an apparently random value somewhere in the operatingsystem, and that the Status Display tells us the machine is halted.

4a. Running Code...slowly

Clearly, some things are going on here. But to determine what they areexactly, we need to slow the execution down. You can hit the stop button to pause the machine while it'sexecuting, but this doesn't give you very fine-grained control. Thecontinue command will start runninginstructions as fast as possible, but often we want to go just oneinstruction at a time. This is what the next and stepcommands allow us to do. They both go one instruction at a time, but thestep command will 'follow' function callsand traps, while next just goes from lineto line, 'over' function calls and traps and stopping only at the instructionimmediately after them. Both next and step will 'follow' branches. The PennSim Manual has a more involved discussion,with an example, of the difference between next and step.

Let's try running the program again, but just one instruction at atime. Notice that from the halted state, the PC points to aninstruction that will branch us right back to the start of theoperating system. So we can hit next onceand start the cycle over again. Note that registers are as we leftthem. You can put a new value into R2 if you want, and the old valuein R5 will get overwritten. Sometimes, having old values lying aroundeverywhere can be problematic, and it's good to do a real 'reboot' viathe reset command. This clears allof memory and resets registers to default values, so you have toreload the OS and your program.

You can keep next-ing over the OS code;eventually you will hit the RTT instruction at location x0205 thatjumps to the start of our program at x3000. Now you can see the 2instructions that constitute our program. You can see the ADD beingperformed, and then the machine gets halted again.

Continue running the increment-R2-into-R5 code until, if ever, you getbored. Then move on to Problem 1.

4b. Running Code...for a little while

Going one instruction at a time is great, but somewhat tedious. Weneed a happy medium between not knowing what's going on at all, andhaving to go through every single instruction, whether we care aboutit or not. Breakpoints are this happy medium.

A breakpoint is set at a particular memory location, and tells thesimulator to stop execution upon reaching that point. Memory locationswith breakpoints set on them show up in the simulator with a redsquare in the 'BP' column. It is left as an exercise to the reader todetermine what 'BP' stands for. You can set a breakpoint at a memorylocation with the command break set (memorylocation), or by checking the checkbox in the 'BP' column. Youcan get rid of a previously-set breakpoint with the command break clear (memory location), or byun-checking a previously checked box. You can also set and clearbreakpoints at labels, instead of specifying a hex memory location.

When you tell the simulator to continue,it will only run until it hits a breakpoint (or the system halts orhas an error). When you are writing and testing your answer forProblem 1, you can use the command breakpointset START to set a breakpoint at the beginning of yourcode. Then, you can use continue to skipall the OS code and get to the instructions you care about. Then youcan next over your code to make sure it'sdoing what you want it to do.

5. Running Scripts

Now try running some of the test scripts that we've provided forProblem 1. You can do this with the command script (scriptfile). The script files just plain text (and the file extension doesn'treally matter). If you open the script file with a text editor, you cansee that the script commands are the same as those you type at thecommand line. For repetitive tasks, using a script file can save youtime, and perhaps the lifelong agony of RepetitiveStrain Injury.

Scripting is also a great way of testing your code. You can write afew test cases and check your code easily, especially for the problemsin this homework which are pretty easy to test. Use the check command to verify that a value is whatyou think it should be. We've distributed a few test scripts for theproblems in this homework, but they don't cover all the importantcases, so you should augment our scripts with some of your own.

6. General Help and Advice

This document doesn't cover all of the simulator's functionality; foran extended discussion of usage see the PennSim Manual. For quick help within the simulator itself,you can use the help command to see alist of all of PennSim's commands. Use help(command) to get help on a specific command.

Many of the PennSim commands have shortcuts - b is short for break, n fornext, and so forth. Use the help (or h)command to see what shortcuts exist.

The PennSim Command Line has a history feature - use the up and downarrow keys to go backwards and forwards through the commands you'vepreviously entered.

If you resize the simulator window to make it bigger, the CommandlineOutput Pane will grow. If you have a small screen and the CommandlineOutput Pane still isn't big enough, you can open an external, resizableCommand Output Window by selecting the OpenCommand Output Window option from the File menu. This lets you see a lot more outputfrom the commands you run, and is particularly useful for viewing theerrors the assembler generates.

If you have trouble running the simulator, try checking the classforum in case someone else has had the same problem as you. Postingyour questions to the forum is a good idea in general, because thenother people can learn from your experience. The forum is checkedregularly by Professor Lewis and the TAs. Of course, you can alsoemail cse240@seas, or drop by office hours.

If you think you've found a bug in the simulator (which is,theoretically speaking, a possibility:), check the Simulator distribution/bugspage to see if you've found a known bug with a workaround. Ifyou've found a new bug, post to the forums (if you want to embarrass us)or email cse240@seas (if you're feeling kinder). Be sure to include thefollowing:

A description of the bug.
What you were doing that caused the bug to occur.
What version of the simulator you were using. Find this via the simulator'sAbout menu.
What version of Java you were using. Find this by running java -version from the commandline of your OS.
What operating system you were using - Windows, Linux, Mac.

Also look in the directory where you placed the simulator and checkfor a file called 'pennsim_errorlog.txt', and email it tocse240@seas. This file is a stack trace generated on some errors,which may help us figure out how to fix the bug. It contains nosensitive system information - it's in plain text, so you can see whatit is that you're sending us.

Important:The information in this document is deprecated in Xcode 9. For Xcode 9 and later, see Simulator Help by choosing Help > Simulator Help in Simulator.

Simulator runs devices from different platforms including iPhone, iPad, iWatch, and Apple TV. Interacting with Simulator differs from interacting with an actual device. This chapter covers ways of interacting that are common to all platforms. Other interactions, such as manipulating the user interface, differ between touch-based devices and Apple TV and are covered in different chapters.

In this chapter you learn how to:

Use the Mac keyboard for input in multiple languages
Take a screenshot of the simulated device
Change the scale of the simulated device

For information on specific ways of interacting with iOS and watchOS devices, see Interacting with iOS and watchOS.

For information on interacting with tvOS, see Interacting with tvOS.

Using the Mac Keyboard for Input

Simulator can use the keyboard on your Mac as input to the simulated device. For you to most accurately simulate a device in Simulator, the simulator uses iOS keyboard layouts, as opposed to OS X keyboard layouts. If you have chosen Hardware > Keyboard > iOS Uses Same Keyboard Layout As OS X, Simulator automatically selects the keyboard that most closely matches the keyboard layout of your Mac. For most cases, leave this option selected. However, if you do feel a need to disable it—allowing you to select completely different keyboard layouts for your Mac and Simulator—choose Hardware > Keyboard > iOS Uses Same Keyboard Layout As OS X. Choose the same menu item again to enable the option.

Note: For the simulator to automatically switch keyboard layouts when the Mac layout is changed, both Connect Hardware Keyboard and iOS Uses Same Layout As OS X must be selected.

To add a keyboard layout on your Mac

Open System Preferences, and choose the Keyboard preference.
Select the Input Sources pane.
Press the Add button (+) to show the keyboard layout chooser.
Choose the desired keyboard, and press Add. The new keyboard layout is added to the list of available layouts.
This screenshot shows the keyboard layout chooser with the Swiss German layout selected:

To select a keyboard layout on your Mac

Select the desired keyboard from the Input menu. An example menu is shown below.
If the Input menu item is not in the Mac menu bar, use the following steps to add it:
1. Open System Preferences and choose the Keyboard preference.
2. Select the Input Sources pane.
3. Select “Show Input menu in menu bar,” as shown here:

Installing Apps

When you build your app for Simulator, Xcode automatically installs it in the selected simulation environment. Each simulation environment emulates a different device. Installing your app in one environment does not install it in any other. It is also possible to have different versions of your app in different environments.

You can also install an app by dragging any previously built app bundle into the simulator window.

Note: You cannot install apps from the App Store in simulation environments.

Taking a Screenshot with Simulator

In Simulator you can copy a screenshot of the iOS device simulator to your Mac Clipboard or save a screenshot to the desktop. To capture any simulated external display save the screenshot as a file.

To take a screenshot of the iOS, watchOS, or tvOS device and save it to your Mac Clipboard, choose Edit > Copy Screen.
To save a screenshot of the iOS, watchOS, or tvOS device and of the external display as files, choose File > Save Screen Shot. A screenshot of each open simulated device is saved to the desktop of your Mac.

Taking a Screenshot or Recording a Video Using the Command Line

You can take a screenshot or record a video of the simulator window using the xcrun command-line utility.

Launch your app in Simulator.
Launch Terminal (located in /Applications/Utilities), and enter the appropriate command:
- To take a screenshot, use the screenshot operation:
  xcrun simctl io booted screenshot
  You can specify an optional filename at the end of the command.
- To record a video, use the recordVideo operation:
  xcrun simctl io booted recordVideo <filename>.<extension>
  To stop recording, press Control-C in Terminal.
  Note: You must specify a filename for recordVideo.
The default location for the created file is the current directory.
For more information on simctl, run this command in Terminal:
xcrun simctl help
For more information on the io subcommand of simctl, run this command:
xcrun simctl io help

Viewing the Simulated Device’s Screen

Even though Simulator runs on all Mac computers, its appearance may differ depending on the model. If the resolution of the simulated device is too large for the simulator window to fit on your screen, scale Simulator by choosing Window > Scale > percentage of choice.