These advanced steps are primarily for system administrators and others who are familiar with the command line. Be careful when you change file permissions and umasks. If you make a mistake, you can lower the security of files, folders, or apps on your Mac, or prevent apps from working.
About permissions and umasks
OS Independent 23; OS Portable 1; Project is an Operating System Distribution 1. Linux 10; OS X 6; Solaris 1; Vista 2; Win2K 1; Windows 7 3; Windows 8 1; WinXP 3. Android 5; Handheld/Embedded Operating Systems 5. Android 5; Apple iPhone 4. Other Operating Systems 3. Apple Mac OS Classic 1; Microsoft Windows Server 2003 1; Win95 1. Launch the Mac App Store on the Mac and download OS X El Capitan using your Apple ID. Don’t worry about cost, it’s free: Download OS X El Capitan 10.11 Final Version For Your Mac Free Right Now. Step 2: Download the latest version (version 6.0.0 at the time of writing) of UniBeast that is currently being offered on the tonymacx86 site here. Step 3: Now that you have OS X El Capitan downloaded, and have a copy of the latest UniBeast, you need to create a bootable USB drive containing the. A Happy Mac is the normal bootup (startup) icon of an Apple Macintosh computer running older versions of the Mac operating system. It was designed by Susan Kare in the 1980s, drawing inspiration from the design of the Compact Macintosh series and from the Batman character Two-Face.
Permissions. Every file, folder, and app stored on your Mac has permission settings, which determine which user accounts can read, write to, or run the file, folder, or app. These permissions include POSIX permissions and Access Control Lists (ACLs). To make a user’s POSIX permissions more restrictive or less restrictive, you can adjust their umask value.
Umasks. A three-digit number can represent the POSIX permissions for a file. You might see permissions represented this way when you view them from Terminal. Each digit is between 0 and 7. When you create a file, the umask value is subtracted from a default value (usually 666 for files and 777 for folders) to determine the permissions for the new file or folder. For example, a default umask of 022 sets permissions of 644 on new files and 755 on new folders.
You can set the umask in several locations, and each location affects different apps. If you set an umask incorrectly, you might lose access to files or grant access to other users. See the MODES section of the chmod(1) manual page for more information.
Umask for user apps
Log in as an administrator and enter the following command in Terminal, replacing nnn with the umask value, such as 027 or 002. This command sets the user's umask for every app they open, including apps they access from the command line and new files that those apps create. After entering this command, you might need to restart your Mac.
Hearty Mask Mac Os Catalina
If Terminal responds ”Could not write configuration: No such file or directory,” make sure that your startup disk has a folder at /private/var/db/com.apple.xpc.launchd/config. If the config folder is missing, try again after entering the following command to create it:
Umask for system processes
Log in as an administrator and enter the following command in Terminal, replacing nnn with the umask value, such as 027 or 002. This command sets the user's umask for every daemon that they run in the system context. This is strongly discouraged because it can change the permissions for files that the system uses. Permissions that are too restrictive can prevent software from working, and permissions that are too open can introduce security issues. After entering this command, you might need to restart your Mac.
If Terminal responds ”Could not write configuration: No such file or directory,” make sure that your startup disk has a folder at /private/var/db/com.apple.xpc.launchd/config. If the config folder is missing, try again after entering the following command to create it:
Learn more
For more information about how to set an umask, enter man launchctl in Terminal.
Optimized Storage helps you save storage space space by storing your content in iCloud and making it available on demand:
- When storage space is needed, files, photos, movies, email attachments, and other files that you seldom use are stored in iCloud automatically.
- Each file stays right where you last saved it, and downloads when you open it.
- Files that you’ve used recently remain on your Mac, along with optimized versions of your photos.
If you haven't yet upgraded to macOS Sierra or later, learn about other ways to free up storage space.
Find out how much storage is available on your Mac
Choose Apple menu > About This Mac, then click Storage. Each segment of the bar is an estimate of the storage space used by a category of files. Move your pointer over each segment for more detail.
Click the Manage button to open the Storage Management window, pictured below.
Manage storage on your Mac
The Storage Management window offers recommendations for optimizing your storage. If some recommendations are already turned on, you will see fewer recommendations.
Store in iCloud
Click the Store in iCloud button, then choose from these options:
- Desktop and Documents. Store all files from these two locations in iCloud Drive. When storage space is needed, only the files you recently opened are kept on your Mac, so that you can easily work offline. Files stored only in iCloud show a download icon , which you can double-click to download the original file. Learn more about this feature.
- Photos. Store all original, full-resolution photos and videos in iCloud Photos. When storage space is needed, only space-saving (optimized) versions of photos are kept on your Mac. To download the original photo or video, just open it.
- Messages. Store all messages and attachments in iCloud. When storage space is needed, only the messages and attachments you recently opened are kept on your Mac. Learn more about Messages in iCloud.
Storing files in iCloud uses the storage space in your iCloud storage plan. If you reach or exceed your iCloud storage limit, you can either buy more iCloud storage or make more iCloud storage available. iCloud storage starts at 50GB for $0.99 (USD) a month, and you can purchase additional storage directly from your Apple device. Learn more about prices in your region.
Optimize Storage
Click the Optimize button to save space by automatically removing watched movies and TV shows. When storage space is needed, movies or TV shows that you purchased from Apple and already watched are removed from your Mac. Click the download icon next to a movie or TV show to download it again.
Your Mac will also save space by keeping only recent email attachments on this Mac when storage space is needed. You can manually download any attachments at any time by opening the email or attachment, or saving the attachment to your Mac.
Hearty Mask Mac Os Download
Optimizing storage for movies, TV shows, and email attachments doesn't require iCloud storage space.
Empty Trash Automatically
Empty Trash Automatically permanently deletes files that have been in the Trash for more than 30 days.
Reduce Clutter
Reduce Clutter helps you identify large files and files you might no longer need. Click the Review Files button, then choose any of the file categories in the sidebar, such as Applications, Documents, Music Creation, or Trash.
You can delete the files in some categories directly from this window. Other categories show the total storage space used by the files in each app. You can then open the app and decide whether to delete files from within it.
Learn how to redownload apps, music, movies, TV shows, and books.
Where to find the settings for each feature
The button for each recommendation in the Storage Management window affects one or more settings in other apps. You can also control those settings directly within each app.
- If you're using macOS Catalina or later, choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click Apple ID, then select iCloud in the sidebar: Store in iCloud turns on the Optimize Mac Storage setting on the right. To turn off iCloud Drive entirely, deselect iCloud Drive.
- If you're using macOS Mojave or earlier, choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click iCloud, then click Options next to iCloud Drive. Store in iCloud turns on the Desktop & Documents Folders and Optimize Mac Storage settings.
- In Photos, choose Photos > Preferences, then click iCloud. Store in iCloud selects iCloud Photos and Optimize Mac Storage.
- In Messages, choose Messages > Preferences, then click iMessage. Store in iCloud selects Enable Messages in iCloud.
- If you're using macOS Catalina or later, open the Apple TV app, choose TV > Preferences from the menu bar, then click Files. Optimize Storage selects “Automatically delete watched movies and TV shows.”
- In you're using macOS Mojave or earlier, open iTunes, choose iTunes > Preferences from the menu bar, then click Advanced. Optimize Storage selects “Automatically delete watched movies and TV shows.”
- In Mail, choose Mail > Preferences from the menu bar, then click Accounts. In the Account Information section on the right, Optimize Storage sets the Download Attachments menu to either Recent or None.
Empty Trash Automatically: From the Finder, choose Finder > Preferences, then click Advanced. Empty Trash Automatically selects “Remove items from the Trash after 30 days.”
Other ways that macOS helps automatically save space
With macOS Sierra or later, your Mac automatically takes these additional steps to save storage space:
- Detects duplicate downloads in Safari, keeping only the most recent version of the download
- Reminds you to delete used app installers
- Removes old fonts, languages, and dictionaries that aren't being used
- Clears caches, logs, and other unnecessary data when storage space is needed
How to free up storage space manually
Even without using the Optimized Storage features described in this article, you can take other steps to make more storage space available:
- Music, movies, and other media can use a lot of storage space. Learn how to delete music, movies, and TV shows from your device.
- Delete other files that you no longer need by moving them to the Trash, then emptying the Trash. The Downloads folder is good place to look for files that you might no longer need.
- Move files to an external storage device.
- Compress files.
- Delete unneeded email: In the Mail app, choose Mailbox > Erase Junk Mail. If you no longer need the email in your Trash mailbox, choose Mailbox > Erase Deleted Items.
Learn more
- The Storage pane of About This Mac is the best way to determine the amount of storage space available on your Mac. Disk Utility and other apps might show storage categories such as Not Mounted, VM, Recovery, Other Volumes, Free, or Purgeable. Don't rely on these categories to understand how to free up storage space or how much storage space is available for your data.
- When you duplicate a file on an APFS-formatted volume, that file doesn't use additional storage space on the volume. Deleting a duplicate file frees up only the space required by any data you might have added to the duplicate. If you no longer need any copies of the file, you can recover all of the storage space by deleting both the duplicate and the original file.
- If you're using a pro app and Optimize Mac Storage, learn how to make sure that your projects are always on your Mac and able to access their files.